[Download] Morphology Books as References

Morphology is an insteresting and challenging subject to learn and teach. I've heard many complaints from students who learn this subject. I myself find it difficult to understand because there are too many terms to understand. I choose Katamba's book to use as a reference in teaching because of the good explanation.

But in this article I will not share the ebook of Katamba's book because I don't have it hahaha. What I want to share to you is two books that I use as additional references (or let say supplement heheh) in learning and teaching morphology. They are Introducing Morphology and What is Morphology.

For students, Katamba's book may be difficult to understand (some students who try to read it told me) but these two books are different. The explanation is easy to understand and many examples are given. In What is Morphology book, we also can find examples of Indonesian words. You know, not many books include our language as the examples heheh.

Happy downloading and enjoy the reading ;)

Introducing Morphology >>>> click here

What is Morphology >>>> click here

*wait for 5 seconds and then click the SKIP AD (or LEWATI) on the top right corner


P.S.
Let me know if the link is broken

Modifier : Complement and Adjunct

It's been very long time I do not write anything in English. And now I'll try to write something about syntax. Hope you can get some lesson from my writing :)

Many books write these three terms with different meaning. Some only differ between modifier and complement. But some differ between adjunct and complement.

I will write about these terms based on two books written by Jim Miller and Gerald P. Delahunty.

Delahunty did not use the term of Adjunct in his book. He just used the term of Modification and Complementation but they have same reference as complement and adjunct. Miller used the term adjunct and complementation and explained that they are two kinds of modifiers.

I, having read this two books, prefer to use terms used by Miller because it can help me to differ them from modifer which can be appeared before and after the head of a phrase.

Miller (2002: 4) wrote that modifier has two classes. The first is the complementary modifier or complement and second is optional modifier or adjunct. The word ‘complementary’ shows that complement is a must modifier in a phrase or a sentence. Complement is required by the grammar os the sentence. For example, the sentence used transitive verb requires noun as the object.

The girl wore a pink shirt.

On the sentence above, ‘a pink shirt’ is the complement because ‘wore’ is transitive verb. Also, in that sentence ‘a pink shirt’ is commonly called as object.

1. Direct and Indirect Object
When you write a sentence using bitransitive verb, you must (yes, a must) write two objects after the verb.
My mother bought me a birthday gift.

‘me’ is the Indirect object and ‘a birthday gift’ is a direct object.

2. Subject Complement
As it’s name, this complement modify the Subject of the sentence.
The old man seems tired

The one who is ‘tired’ is the old man (subject). So ‘tired’ is the subject complement. Verbs require subject complement are commonly called linking verb.

3. Object complement
Different from subject complement, object complement modifies the Object of a sentence.
I consider him weird

The one who is ‘weird’ is ‘him’ (object), not I (subject). Not all verbs requires object compelemnt. So, becareful in writing sentence with this complement.

4. Prepositional Phrase complement
Prepositional Phrase is recognized by the preposition.
Marry flew from Surabaya to Makassar in 2 hours

The prepositional phrase above shows the source and goal of Marry flight. This complement is a little bit tricky because not all prepositional phrase is complement.

Consider the example of the sentence below:
I bought my sister a book in Jeany’s shop yesterday.

‘In Jeany’s shop’ contains a preosition but it’s not a complement. Verbs of motion are the common verbs which require complement.

Different from complement, adjunct is optional. When it’s elminated from a sentence, the meaning of the sentence will not be changed; the meaning is still complete.

I bought my sister a book in Jeany’s shop yesterday.

The sentence above using bitransitive verb which requires object. The place (in Jeany’s shop) and time expressions (yesterday) are added to the sentence as additioal description, but they are not required.

Reference:
1. Delahunty, Gerald P. 2010. The English Language from Sound to Sense.

2. grammarpedia

3. Miller, Jim. 2002. Introduction to Syntax. Edinburgh University Press

Punctuation in English Writing - Comma

Menulis dalam bahasa asing tentu ada banyak hal yang harus diperhatikan. Hal itu dikarenakan bahasa yang digunakan berbeda. Salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah penggunaan tanda baca - Punctuation. Di tulisan saya kali ini, kita akan mencoba melihat beberapa rules untuk tanda baca dalam Bahasa Inggris.

Penggunaan koma dalam bahasa Inggris bisa dibagai atas empat kelas:
1. Introducer Comma
Koma jenis ini terletak pada bagian atau elemen kalimat yang berada di depan induk kalimat. Elemen yang mendahului tersebut dapat berupa kata, frase, anak kalimat, atau kutipan langsung. Contoh:
- Therefore, I plan to apply for the scholarship
- Because I had a fever, I had to go to see a doctor.

2. Coordinator Comma
Koma digunakan untuk menghubungkan elemen yang setara dalam sebuah kaliamt. Atau dengan kata lain, koma jenis ini digunakan bersama dengan coordianting conjunction (kata penghubung yang setara - and, or, but, dkk). Contoh:
- She was tired, so she went to sleep
- A nurse has to work at night, on weekends, and on holidays.

3. Inserter Comma
Digunakan pada sebelum dan sesudah elemen kalimat yang berada di tengah-tengah induk kalimat (independent clause). Elemen tersebut dapat berupa kata, frase, atau klausa. Contoh:
- My father, however, agrees on that issue.

4. Tag Comma
Digunakan saat ada tambahan pada akhir sebuah kalimat. Contoh:
- He learns almost ten hours a day, for example.
- It is beautiful, isn't it?
- My brother danced in that party, too.

Source: Oshima, Alice and Ann Hogue. 2006. Writing Academic English. New York: Pearson Education.

Relative Pronoun

Relative Pronoun adalah kata ganti (conjunction) yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan (Subjek, Objek, Kepunyaan, Tempat, atau Waktu).

1. Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS)
Jika Subjek kalimatnya adalah manusia, maka gunakan Conjunction WHO.
Jika Subjek kalimatnya adalah SELAIN manusia, maka gunakan Conjunction WHICH.

Example:
a. The boys are my cousins. They are playing badminton.
--> Pada kalimat kedua, Subjeknya adalah THEY dan karena kata tersebut merupakan Prononun dari the boys (manusia), maka jika kalimatnya digabungkan akan menjadi:
The boys who are playing badminton are my cousins

b. The cat is my pet. It has beautiful white fur.
--> Pada kalimat kedua, Subjeknya adalah IT dan karena kata tersebut merupakan Prononun dari the cat (bukan manusia), maka jika kalimatnya digabungkan akan menjadi:
The cat which has beautiful white fur is my pet.

Sebagai salah seorang pengajar di salah satu Lembaga Bimbingan Belajar, saya akan memberikan sebuat trik agar kalian mengetahui apakah yang diperlukan adalah RPS atau bukan. Begini, jika polanya seperti ini:

S (manusia) + ... + Verb / to be

maka yang '...' diisi dengan WHO

Contoh:

The boys who are playing badminton are my cousins 

     S              to be

2. Relative Pronoun Object (RPO)
Jika Objek kalimatnya adalah manusia, maka gunakan Conjunction WHOM
Jika Objek kalimatnya adalah SELAIN manusia, maka gunakan Conjunction WHICH

Example:
a. I bought a book yesterday. I put it on the table.
--> Pada kalimat kedua Objeknya adalah IT yang merupakan pronoun dari A BOOK (Bukan Manusia). Jadi jika kalimatnya digabungkan akan menjadi:
I bought a book yesterday which I put on the table.

NB: Perhatikan klausa yang ada kata WHICH-nya (yang di-bold). Karena digabungkan, maka pronoun IT-nya tidak lagi ditulis.

b. The girl is a member of SNSD. I like her very much (haha jiwa Sone-nya tetap ada)
--> Pada kalimat kedua Objeknya adalah HER yang merupakan pronoun dari THE GIRL (Bukan Manusia). Jadi jika kalimatnya digabungkan akan menjadi:
The girl whom I like very much is a member of SNSD.

NB: Perhatikan klausa yang ada kata WHOM-nya (yang di-bold). Karena digabungkan, maka pronoun HER-nya tidak lagi ditulis.

3. Relative Pronoun Place
Conjunction-nya adalah WHERE

Example:
That is the office. My brother works there.
--> Kata THERE merupakan pronoun dari OFFICE dan bermakna PLACE (meaning: di sana), maka jika digabungkan akan menjadi:
That is the office where my brother works.

4. Relative Pronoun Time
Conjunction-nya adalah WHEN

Example:
I remember the day when I met you at the first time.

Mengetahui Relative Pronoun akan sangat membantu pada saat kita membahas Peringkasan Klausa. Selain itu, Relative Pronoun juga sangat membantu kita untuk menghindari banyaknya pengulangan pada saat menulis.

Demikianlah tulisan saya. Kalau ada pertanyaan, jangan sungkan-sungkan. Soalnya tulisan ini dibuat di tengah-tengah keriuhan pertandingan TIMNAS vs Bahrain yang hampir rusuh ^^....

Artikel terkait: Adjective Clause dan Peringkasannya

Adjective Clause dan Peringkasannya

Adjective Clause adalah Clause yang fungsinya sama dengan Adjective - menjelaskan Noun. Oleh karena itu, ciri khas dari Clause ini adalah antcedent-nya atau Noun yang dijelaskan. Hal ini penting untuk diketahui karena conjunction yang digunakan dalam Adjective Clause memiliki kemiripan dengan Adverbial Clause - 5W1H.

Adjective Clause ==> I will go to Pare where my friend is studying
Adverbial Clause ==> I will go where my friend is studying

Kalimat pertama merupakan Adjective Clause karena memiliki antecedent (Pare) sedangkan kalimat kedua merupakan Adverbial Clause karena menjadi mofifier dari verb 'go'.

Perigkasannya
1. Reducing
Proses ini hanya bisa dilakukan jika Conjuntion-nya merupakan Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS - WHO/WHICH). Reducing memiliki dua bentuk, yaitu Active (Ving) dan Passive (V3)
Example:
The man who likes to collect various flowers is a florist
--> The man liking to collect various flowers is a florist

Karena Adjective Clausenya berbentuk Active maka Reducingnya menjadi Ving
Example:
The book which was bought in the bookstore is now lost
--> The book bought in the bookstore is now lost

Karena Adjective Clausenya berbentuk Passive (was bought) maka Reducing-nya menjadi V3 dimana conjunction dan be dihilangkan.

2. Omitting
Proses memiliki dua syarat:
a. Menggunakan Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS - WHO/WHICh) tapi kalimatnya harus nominal (verb-nya berupa 'be')
Example:
I will give some time to the boy who is angry with you
RPS be
--> I will give some time to the boy angry with you

b. Menggunakan Relative Pronoun Object (RPO - WHOM/WHICH)
Example
The man whom the woman will call helped yesterday
--> The man the woman will call helped yesterday

Artikel Terkait: Relative Pronoun, Adverbial Clause dan Peringkasannya

Klausa dan Peringkasannya

Sewaktu di Pare dapat ilmu baru tentang klausa dan peringkasannya. Seperti diketahui, dalam bahasa Inggris ada beberapa klausa dan kali ini yang akan dibahasa ada tiga - Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, dan Adverbial Clause.

Jenis peringkasannya ada tiga, yaitu:
1. Reducing, yang berarti penghilangan conjunction dan verb (finite*) dan menghasilkan infinite Verb yang berupa Ving, V3, atau to V1 (to Infinitive)
2. Omitting, yang berarti penghilangan Conjunction tanpa menghasilkan Ving, V3, atau to V1 (to Infinitive)
3. Abridgement, yang menyisakan Conjunction

Tidak semua klausa mengalami ketiga peringkasan tersebu di atas.
1. Noun Clause ==> Omitting dan Abridgement
2. Adjective Clause ==> Reducing dan Omitting
3. Adverbial Cause ==> Reducing dan Abridgement

Dari ketiga Klausa di atas, mungkin Reducing Adjective Clause yang paling sering masuk menjadi materi soal-soal ujian seperti UMB, STAN, dan sebagainya. Tapi, saya akan mencoba membahasnya satu persatu.

*finite verb = Verb yang bisa menjadi penentu tense
contoh: (be) Ving ==> Continuous Tense
Vi(+s/es) ==> Simple Present Tense

Artikel terkati: Noun Clause dan Peringkasannya, Adjective Clause dan Peringkasannya, Adverbial Clause dan Peringkasannya

Who is Native Speaker?

The first time I learn English, the term native speaker is familiar to me. At that time, what I know about a native speaker of English is he/she who was born in that language. But, after reading McKay's book I found that it is not that simple.

Someone is called native speaker not only because he/she was born in that society. Davies (1991) mentioned that a native language is the first language learned in which he/she achieve high degree of competence and linguistic intuition. However, related to competence, someone who was born in a certain language may not attain a high level of proficiency. In addition, someone who comes from Outer Circle can achieve a high level of proficiency through personal motivation and effort.

According to Rampton (1990), some features of native speaker are:
- it is inherited, through genetic or birth into specific social group
- can speak it well
- it is or not the mother tongue
- having comprehensive grasp of a language
- being a citizen in one country

However, an individual can belong to more than one social and it means he/she can acquire more than one languages in her/his childhood. An individual who moves from one group to another group may also change his/her native language.

Then, Rampton suggested to change the term 'native' into 'expertise'. There are some advantages in his view, such as:
- Experts don't have to feel close to what they expert about. It is different form identification
- It is learned, not innate
- It is relative, you can be an expert on something which another person's fool.
- It is partial
- To be called an expert, an individual should go through certification judged by other people.

However, it also raises question. What are the basis that is used to get the certification? How to access the expert?

Cook (1999), then, suggested the term 'L2 user' to distinct from L2 learner. Pakir (1999a) had same idea. He preferred to call they who use English alongside with another language as 'English-knowing bilinguals'. It emphasized the idea that they are not in the process of learning.

Well, what are you? Can we call ourselves as bilingual user of English? Or bilingual teacher of English?

Urban and Rural Students

As a teacher, you might have had a class where urban and rural students sit together. Do you find problem in teaching problem? I do.

First let's see the difference between them.
Urban Students
- confident
- familiar to the culture
- better interaction
- using Indonesia language

Rural students
- not confident
- culturally shocked
- poor interaction
- using local language

Those differences are in general. But sometimes you will find certain rural students with excellent skills.

The differences between them have created a gap during teaching-learning process. Mostly, the urban students will more active in the class. Rural students also don't want to express their opinion or ask questions, they prefer being silence. Then, what we as a teacher can do to solve this kind of problem?

In my class discussion, we conclude some ways. The ways are:
-Motivate the students to express their idea, no need to be shy or afraid of be embarrassed
- Using U-shape to raise discussion.
- Grouping
- Reinforcement
- Giving same opportunity and also attention
- Reviewing methodology

You may add if you have more ideas.

Curriculum vs Syllabus

For those who active as teachers or still studying about education should be familiar with this two terms. But what actually the differences between them?

Below are the lists of some differences that I got when I attended my class related to Curriculum and Syllabus.

Curriculum:
1. depend on the government or university policy
2. more general in terms of the goals, indicators, materials, competence, etc
3. longer time duration
4. covering all subjects
5. cannot be compromised

Syllabus:
1. depend on the teachers, therefore, it will need the teacher's creativity
2. more specific
3. shorter time period, usually only in one semester
4. covering only one single subject
5. more flexible because depend only on the teacher
6. it helps to generate lesson plan

Besides the differences, they also have similarities such as:
1. having goals, indicator, etc
2. in the form of official document so you can read them
3. need designer

Those are some differences and similarities between curriculum and syllabus. If you have any other ideas, just give your comment. Thanks

Meet vs See

Pernah mendengar kalimat, “It’s nice to see you” atau “It’s nice to meet you”?
Ya, keduanya biasa diucapkan ketika bertemu dengan seseorang karena maknanya mirip. Akan tetapi penggunaannya berbeda.

“It’s good to meet you” atau “It’s nice too meet you” digunakan saat Anda bertemu seseorang untuk pertama kalinya sedangkan “It’s good to see you” atau “It’s nice too see you” digunakan saat Anda bertemu dengan seseorang untuk kedua atau kesekian kalinya.

Berikut contoh penggunaannya dalam dialog singkat antara Andi, Budi dan Citra pada pertemuan pertama:

Andi : ‘Budi, this is my friend Citra.’
Budi : ‘Hello, Citra. It’s nice to meet you.’
Citra: ‘Hi, Budi. It’s good to meet you too. I hope you enjoy your holiday in Makassar.’

Dan berikut adalah dialog antara Citra dan Budi saat mereka bertemu beberapa bulan kemudian:

Budi: ‘Hi, Citra. How are you?’
Citra: ‘I’m very well, thanks Budi. It’s nice to see you.’
Budi: ‘It’s nice to see you again too.’

Singkatnya: gunakan meet pada pertemuan pertama dan see pada pertemuan selanjutnya.

Source: Kang Guru Indonesia
Visit the website here

Have You Ever….?

Kali ini saya akan menulis tentang ever. Ada kesalahan yang sering kita lakukan saat menggunakan kata ini. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, seringnya ever diartikan sebagai pernah. Jadi ketika membuat kalimat tentang sesuatu yang sudah pernah dilakukan, kata ini sering muncul. Padahal, ketika mengungkapkan something you have done(kegiatan yang sudah pernahl dilakukan), cukup gunakan present perfect tense tanpa kata ever.

Naturally, kata ever digunakan dalam kalimat Tanya.

Contoh penggunaannya sebagai berikut:

Budi : ‘Have you ever visited Bali?’
Ana : ‘Yes, I have’ (bukan I’ve ever)
Budi : ‘Andi, Have you ever visited Bali?’
Andi : ‘Yes, many times.’
Budi : ‘Citra, have you ever visited Bali?’
Citra: ‘No, I haven’t, but I have visited Komodo Island.’

Jadi, jika ada yang bertanya have you ever…? Kalian bisa menjawab dengan singkat Yes, I have or No, I haven’t dan kalian bisa memberikan tambahan informasi (kalau ada).

Source: Kang Guru Indonesia
Visit the website here

CAUSATIVE

CAUSATIVE adalah kalimat yang bermakna menyuruh atau bahsa halusnya meminta tolong kepada orang lain agar orang tersebut melakukan sasuatu untuk orang yang meminta tolong.

Ada beberapa beberapa kata kerja (Verb) yang paling sering digunakan sebagai Causative Verb, diantaranya adalah have, get, dan make. Yang perlu diingat dari kalimat Causative adalah kalimat ini terbagi dua. Ada yang bermakna aktif, ada juga yang bermakna pasif. Keduanya memiliki makna dan pola kalimat yang berbeda.

1. Causative aktif
Pola : have (has,had)/make (makes,made)+ O + V1
atau
get (gets/got) + O + TO V1
Makna : Seseorang meminta tolong kepada orang lain. Itu sebabnya umumnya Objek di kalimat ini adalah manusia.
Kalimat : Mom has her son drive her to school
2. Causative pasif
Pola : have (has,had)/get (gets, got)/make (makes/made)+ O + V3
Makna : Seseorang meminta tolong agar sesuatu diselelsaikan untuknya. Tidak masalah siapa yang melakukannya. Itu sebabnya umunya Objek di kalimat ini berupa benda.
Kalimat : Dad gets his newspaper delivered to his office

Linking Verb

Ada beberapa jenis kata kerja. Salah satunya adalah Linking Verb. Perbedaannya, Linking Verb di dalam kalimat berfungsi tidak sebagai VERB, melainkan TO BE.

Berikut adalah beberapa contoh Linking Verb yang paling sering digunakan: look, seem, taste, smell, become, feel, dan appear 

Lalu bagaimana membedakan Linking Verb dari Verb? Caranya sangat mudah. Perhatikan cntoh kalimat berikut:

1. The cake tastes delicious


dan


2. Tina tastes the cake

Kedua kalimat di atas sama-sama menggunakan kata taste. Hanya saja fungsi keduanya berbeda. Pada kalimat pertama, jika taste kita ganti dengan to be is, makna kalimatnya tidak berubah. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, jika taste kita ganti dengan to be is, maknanya akan berubah dan terasa ganjil.

1. The cake is delicious
2. Tina is the cake

Dengan demikian, taste pada kalimat yang pertama adalah LINKING VERB sedangkan pada kalimat ke dua, taste berfungsi sebagai VERB pada umumnya.